Prostitution in the Victorian Era Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

Prostitution in the Victorian Era There were numerous whores during the Victorian period. Most were lower-class ladies, except for the fancy women kept by high society men. As indicated by Victorian norms, decent ladies didn't consider sex pleasurable. It was their obligation to get physically involved with their spouses. Having illicit relationships was dishonorable (Waters). Whores, then again, were explicitly personal with men since they delighted in sex. Men delighted in whores since they couldn't make the most of their spouses. Victorian gentility was not characterized by sexual joy, while Victorian manliness was characterized by sexual delight and triumph.  Whores didn't really â€Å"enjoy† their sexual experiences with men, as Victorians would in general accept. Prostitution was their endurance. Lower-class ladies didn't become whores since they needed to. They became whores since they had no substitute decision for endurance. There were not many choices that permitted ladies to live off her own salary rather than her family’s pay, and once she e...

The Americas to 1500 Essay -- essays papers

THE AMERICAS TO 1500 I. Strategy in the History This period, which manages the world the Indians knew before the appearance of European pioneers, presents challenges streaming for the most part from the absence of the standard evidentiary establishment for doing history: composed reports (for instance, letters, discourses, bargains, constitutions, laws, books, papers, magazines, chronological registries). This need not be a significant hindrance to chronicled study, be that as it may. In fact, one of the most significant things we can achieve in encouraging this period is contriving approaches to give understudies a feeling of the range of strategies that history specialists use to explore and comprehend the past. We can give understudies a feeling of the expansiveness and profundity of the history specialist's assignment and the noteworthy cluster of devices and strategies accessible to the student of history to get some answers concerning the past. In looking to comprehend the primary people who settled North and South America either 15,000 or 40,000 years prior (the dates involve enthusiastic recorded contest), students of history utilize a few or the entirety of the accompanying: archaic exploration (burrows for antiques, assessments of entombment locales, close investigation of old developments, for example, the precipice residences of the western United States, or the hills left by the hill manufacturer people groups of the southeastern United States); similar religion and fables - the investigation of creation fantasies, legends, and folktales told by Indian people groups; medication - following such organic factors as human bloodtypes to show how various people groups (the Aztec, the Comanche, the Seminole, the Kwakiutl) may well share a typical heritage, or contemplating the contrasting reactions of Indian and European people groups to illnesses to represent how contact between the way of life sometimes demonstrated deadly to the indigenous culture; geography, climatology, and environment - to recreate the land as the Indians discovered it, to recognize the manners in which they lived off the land and in amicability with it, and to give a premise to corr elation among Indian and European understandings of the connection between individuals and the regular world; semantics - to follow the inceptions and advancement of Indian dialects and the lineage of Indian language families; human studies - to recognize shared social components and social differentiations between Indian people groups; and even ordinary methods of history - e.g., close translation of such histo... ..., and that mechanical bits of knowledge, for example, the wheel are not inescapable.) Indian economies were molded by their topography, atmosphere, and environment. As noted over, some Indian people groups were principally trackers and slow eaters, while others were fundamentally horticultural, and still others had perplexing, modern, and fruitful blended economies that equaled European financial frameworks. One final point: Again, every one of these zones stay questionable in the extraordinary, ensnaring as they do such debates as whether Indian people groups seem to be crude and whether the idea of crude is valuable or even proper in examining an alternate people's way of life and lifestyle. Further, as we find in paper II, an entangling factor in the investigation of the Americas before the appearance of European voyagers and pilgrims is the way to go - generally flowed and examined during the 500the commemoration of Columbus' appearance in the New World - that the Europeans confiscated the legitimate occupants of these landmasses, and that all later American human progress and history, anyway striking and respectable its accomplishments and beliefs, depends on a titanic arrangement of demonstrations of seizure, extortion , and massacre.

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week How Do MBA Alumni Rate Their Education

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week How Do MBA Alumni Rate Their Education Although quantifying a school’s profile certainly does not tell you everything, it can sometimes be helpful in simplifying the many differences between the various MBA programs. Each week, we bring you a chart to help you decide which of the schools’ strengths speak to you. “Business school alumni rise fast in the workplace and have high levels of job satisfaction,” reports the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC). That conclusion derives from a summary report of the council’s “2015 Alumni Perspectives Survey,” released earlier this month, which includes data culled from more than 12,000 business school alumni from the classes of 1959 through 2014 and representing more than 230 programs around the world. This is perhaps the most comprehensive account of life after business school available. In addition to showing industry and job function data for this hugely diverse swath of alumni, the findings of the report detail graduate satisfaction, entrepreneurial behavior, and career outcomes, highlighting which aspects of the educational experience alumni have valued most in their professional pursuits. Although much has changed over the past half century of management education, a clear consensus emerges from GMAC’s survey: business school graduates, by and large, seem generally satisfied with the contribution their degree has made in advancing their career. In this week’s chart, we offer a snapshot of how the full-time, two-year MBA alumni GMAC surveyed said they would rate their business school experience. Share ThisTweet B-School Charts

Marlow and Kurtz in Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay

Marlow and Kurtz in Heart of Darkness Conrad’s novel, Heart of Darkness revolves around the enigmatic character of Kurtz, a renegade that has split from the authority and control of his organization, that wants to put a stop to his extreme measures and unsound methods (Coppola, 1979; Longman, 2000). As a result of Kurtz actions, the character of Marlow is sent to retrieve Kurtz from the desolate outback and as the reader we are lead through the involvement of a tension-building journey up the great river Congo. Along the way, Marlow is given bits of information about Kurtzs actions and finds that he himself identifies with, and becoming somewhat fond of the man. Their relationship and ending moments helps to bring about a†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, Kurtz abandons the pretense of helping the natives achieve civilization, as displayed by the Europeans. He instead adopts their customs and becomes their leader, and they his servants in the never-ending quest for ivory, He began with the argument that we whites, from the point of development we had arrived at, must necessarily appear to them [savages] in the nature of the supernatural beings- we approach them with the might as of a deity (Longman, 2000, p. 2226). Furthermore Marlow also admires Kurtz resourcefulness and survival skills, especially when he is shown to have not died from fever, The wilderness had patted him on the head....it had taken him, loved him, embraced him, got into his veins, consumed his flesh, and sealed his soul to its own by the inconceivable ceremonies of some devilish initiation. He was its spoiled and pampered favorite. (Longman, 2000, p. 2225). When the boat is just short of Kurtzs outpost, it is attacked by the local natives- the siege ended up being benign, and Marlow the only one to realize this and keep his head, and the boat from running aground. This, coupled with Marlows resourcefulness in refurbishing the scuttled steamboat and his lack of involvement in the power struggles of the stations, as well as his refusal to condemn Kurtz based onShow MoreRelated Heart of Darkness Versus Apocalypse Now: The Death of Kurtz Essay816 Words   |  4 PagesHeart of Darkness Versus Apocalypse Now: The Death of Kurtz Joseph Conrad wrote Heart of Darkness to disguise his disapproval of European imperialism in the Congo. He describes the chaos and savagery found in the Congo to convince Europeans that they should stay out of Africa. Francis Ford Coppola made Apocalypse Now to disguise his disapproval of American involvement in Vietnam. He depicts the merciless slaughter of countless Vietnamese to show Americans that the United States does more harmRead More moralhod Relative Morality in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness1511 Words   |  7 PagesRelative Morality in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚   It has been well documented by critics that modernist literature departs from the blind acceptance of beliefs, religious beliefs in particular, evident in literature of prior periods (Abrams 1).   As Jump notes [...] the modern western world is less sure of its values than most previous cultures with which we are familiar; relativism and subjectivity are facts of everyday experience (15).   Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is no exception.   TheRead MoreEssay on Hearts of Darkness: Post Colonialism850 Words   |  4 PagesWrite a critique of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, based on your reading about post-colonialism and discussing Conrads view of African culture as other. What would someone from Africa think about this work? Heart of Darkness starts out in London and also ends there as well. Most of the story takes place in the Congo which is now known as the Republic of the Congo. Heart of Darkness was essentially a transitional novel between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. During the nineteenthRead More Symbols and Symbolism in Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay789 Words   |  4 Pages Symbols and Symbolism in Conrads Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Symbolism has long been a tool of the storyteller, finding its origins in the folklore of our earliest civilizations. In more recent years, however, symbolism has taken on a new role, forming the skeleton upon which the storyteller builds the tales of his or hers thoughts and adventures. Knowing the power of this element, Joseph Conrad uses symbols to help the reader explore dark interiors of men. The symbolsRead MoreEssay about Heart of Darkness1745 Words   |  7 Pagesdepth review of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, a classical novella that illustrates without bias the motives behind human intentions and the extremes individuals can go to achieve wealth and profits at the expense of others with the aim of shedding insight into the rise of European imperialism, the imperial history, its politics and evil activities in the colonized African tribes along the river Congo during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. The Heart of Darkness is an exceptionally figurativeRead More Light and Dark of Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness1542 Words   |  7 PagesThe Light and Dark of Colonialism Exposed in Heart of Darkness       In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad, challenges a dominant view by exposing the evil nature and the darkness associated with the colonialist ventures. It is expressed by Marlow as robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a great scale, and men going at it blind - as it is very proper for those who tackle a darkness. The European colonialists are portrayed as blind lightbearers, people having a faà §ade of progress and cultureRead More The Role of Marlow as Narrator in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness1481 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Marlow as Narrator in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Whether Marlow is, or is not, Conrad has been discussed extensively. Clearly, Marlow is both, at the same time that he is neither. Heart of Darkness is not, then, Marlows story exclusively. And if we examine it for a moment as the creation of the nameless member of Marlows audience, it takes on a different coloration. The narrators inclusion of Marlows story within his point of view appears as a deliberate attempt on his partRead MoreLight and Dark in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay1735 Words   |  7 PagesLight and Dark in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Conrads novel, Heart of Darkness, was written to explore the soul of man. If the book is viewed only superficially, a tragic story of the African jungle is seen, but when examined closely, a deeper meaning arises. Through his narrator Marlow, Conrad uses the theme of light and dark to contrast the civilized with the savage.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through the individual characters, Conrad creates the division between dark and light and blackRead MoreEssay on Conrad’s usage of imagery in the - Heart of Darkness -1640 Words   |  7 PagesConrad’s usage of imagery in the - Heart of Darkness - Aristotle, a famous Greek philosopher, said that the aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance. If that is the case, then Joseph Conrad is a true artist regarding the pictures he paints with his words. Conrads most effective literary tool for plot development and expressing the theme is his use of imagery. Karl, a noted critic, explains this technique that Conrad uses. â€Å"The scenesRead More The Evil of Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad1559 Words   |  7 PagesColonialism in Heart of Darkness   Ã‚  Ã‚   A masterpiece of twentieth-century writing, Heart of Darkness exposes the tenuous fabric that holds civilization together and the brutal horror at the center of European colonialism. Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness, describes a life-altering journey that the protagonist, Marlow, experiences in the African Congo.   The story explores the historical period of colonialism in Africa to exemplify Marlows struggles. Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is most

Islamic Banking And Its Principles On Risk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1139 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The key element of Islamic banking is that the risks of financial transactions should be evenly divided between depositor and investor, that is between bank and client. Interest in the sense of asking a fee for merely lending money, is prohibited, as long as the lender is not running any risks themselves. Speculative contracts such as futures and options are also forbidden. A practical consequense of these Islamic principles is that the relationship between investor and depositor becomes one of reciprocity. Banks are necessarily more involved with their clients activities. A non-Islamic bank might lend the money to its client, and not bother what he does with it as long as the interest is paid on time. The Islamic bank, on the other hand, wants to make sure that its client is doing well, because their relationship is one of profit-sharing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Islamic Banking And Its Principles On Risk Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Islamic banking is based on standard contracts. I will mention a few, to illustrate the point. The Mudaraba contract is the investment of money by either the bank or the client in return for a share in the profits. In this contract only the investor is liable for losses. In the Musharaka, on the other hand, both sides share the risk of loss as well as profit, in proportion to their respective investments. Then there is the Murabaha, which is the sale of materials and equipment by the bank to the client for an amount which is higher than their cost price, and which has to be paid in instalments. The Murabaha is the easiest and least risky contract, because banks know the return on their venture without risking their own capital. Most of the derivatives incorporate gharar (absolute risk), gambling and interest and support speculative activities. Islamic legal rules, particularly the ban on Gharar and on the sale of debt for debt, do not allow transactions devoid of real/productive activities. Derivatives involving such financial contracts which themselves are prohibited in Shariah (Riba based bonds forward foreign exchange where mutual exchange is not simultaneous, for example) are clearly un-acceptable according to the Shariah principles. In case the underlying assets are equities and commodities it would be seen whether or not Riba and Gharar are involved. According to some writers Arbuncan become a basis for developing some kinds of Shariah compliant options contract by which one party buys the right to purchase from the other party specified goods for a specified price on a certain date. Arbun is a void contract according to a Hadith, and the three schools of Islamic law. Only Hanabalah uphold Arbun with the condition imposed by some of them that time should be stipulated for the option. The OIC(Organisation of the Islamic Conference) Fiqh Academy has also endorsed Arbun but only if time limit is specified. Even if Arbun is accepted as valid transaction, most of the derivatives current in the market would still be unacceptable from Shariah angle due to involvement to Gharar and Riba. A Call Option can be considered near to Bai al Arbun in the sense that the seller does not return the premium or advance payment to the buyer in case the latter does not exercise the purchase option and the buyer loses the option premium even if the option is exercised and the contract is confirmed. In case of Bai al-Arbun, however, the option premium is adjusted in sale price when the contract is confirmed. However, this subject of derivatives needs extensive research. When it comes to insurance Islam have their own concept, the main concept of Islamic insurance is that it is an alternative to conventional insurance, with characteristics and features that comply with shariah requirements. This is done by eliminating the objections against conventional insurance. The main features of Islamic insurance are: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Cooperative risk sharing by using charitable donations to eliminate gharar and riba; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ clear financial segregation between the participant (insured) and the operator (insurance company); ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Shariah-compliant underwriting policies and investment strategies. I will now explain the points above. Within the Co-op insurance the characteristics of a cooperative include self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity, solidarity, honesty, openness, social responsibility, and caring for others. While mutuality or cooperative risk sharing is at the core of Islamic insurance, it cannot alone create an Islamic insurance operation. Islamic insurance is based on more than one relationship: The first relationship is a mutual insurance contract between policyholders (contributors) and each other. This is similar to a pure mutual insurance relationship, taking into consideration the concept of donation, Instead of premiums. The main features behind cooperative insurance are: Policyholders pay premiums to a cooperative fund with the intention of it being a donation to those who will suffer losses (tabarru) Policyholders are entitled to receive any surplus resulting from the operation of the cooperative insurance fund. Policyholders are liable to make up for any deficits that result from the operation of the cooperative insurance fund. Clear Segregation Between Participant and Operator: In conventional insurance, the insurance company is a for profit organization that aims to maximise profit by accepting the financial burden of others losses. The insurance company is owned by shareholders who receive any profit and are responsible for financing any deficit. Under Islamic insurance, the system is that the insurance companys role is restricted to managing the portfolio and investing the insurance contributions for and on behalf of the participants.from my research I found that there are four different models in operation: The mudarabh model, the wakalah model, the hybrid mudarabh-wakalah model, and the pure cooperative model (non-profit). The last point is Shariah-Compliant Policies and Strategies: Ethical insurers invest money in a responsible way in industries that are ethically sound and do not harm the environment or people( like the Norwegian pension fund) . Islamic insurance is similar, except that the ethical considerations are extended to those which do not contravene the religion of Islam and are monitored by a shariah board, which is part of the company structure. In particular, the investment and underwriting policies need to be free of any involvement with the prohibited activities of gambling, alcohol, pork, armaments, tobacco, and interest-bearing activities, loans, and securities. Word count: 1529 All Islamic words and economic glossary I used is from: https://www.islamic-world.net/economics/word/b.htm or the websites I used. Websites: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Institute of Islamic Banking and Finance: www.islamic-banking.com ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Islamic Banking and Finance: www.islamicbankingandfinance.com ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Middle East Insurance Review: www.meinsurancereview.com https://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/psde%2018AGM/A%20Broader%20Definition%20Of%20Riba.pdf https://www.suite101.com/content/what-is-riba-a91216 Other Sources : The previous group works done by my group ( James, Hassan, Ali and me) Handouts given in class (a short review of the historical critique of usury) by Wayne A.M Visser and Alastair McIntosh , searching for the Mecca of finance. ( used them to gain more understanding)

Saving Money For College Education - 1001 Words

saving money for college education as opposed to retirement, there are several other factors that contribute to Gen X’s lack of funds for retirement (Powell, 2015). Gen X carries the most debt in comparison to Baby Boomers and Millennials. According to a study by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Gen X owes an average of $142,007, mostly comprised of mortgage debt. In comparison to Baby Boomers, Gen X held about 60% more debt at age 44 than the earlier cohort. In addition, the household income at the same age was only about 5% higher than Baby Boomers. Therefore, while Gen X is not making much more money than Baby Boomers, they have accumulated more debt, and are reducing debt at a slower pace than any other generation (Matthews,†¦show more content†¦The first step in creating a retirement plan to last at least 25 years is to set short term goals, understand good debt versus bad debt, and how to prioritize paying off debt to allow the additional income to be saved for retirement. Bad debt, such as personal loans, car loans, and credit card debt carry high interest rates, and do not represent a future investment; bad debt loses value over time. Good debt, or debt with a low interest rate, can be viewed as a future investment. This type of debt includes mortgages, business loans, and student loans (Von Tobel, 2014). Paying off bad debt first reduces high interest payments, which then can be applied to an overall retirement savings plan. Approximately 50% of credit card users carry a month-to-month balance, and are required to pay accrued interest charges. According to Ghilarducci, actual credit cards should stay home, in a hard to reach place to be used only in the case of an emergency. While it is critical to pay down credit cards, high interest loans, and avoid carrying a balance, it is also important to make solid financial decisions pertaining to good debt. Paying off a mortgage in 7 or 15 years will raise the current monthly payment, but will save money overall by qualifying for lower interest rates, andShow MoreRelatedStudents Should Start Planning For College At The Beginning Of High School14 43 Words   |  6 PagesBill Bennett stated of higher education, â€Å" The higher amount you put into higher education, at the federal level particularly, the more the price of high education will rise. It’s the dog that never catches its tail.† Bennett asserts that while the prices of education are rising, they are not going to start falling as a result of, the amount the government puts in (Student Loan Quotes, 2015). The average student leaves college with an average of $35,000 of debt. With this debt, students have toRead MoreAdvantages Of College Tuition1693 Words   |  7 Pagesattending college. The main argument that we have is whether college tuition is too expensive or not. Over the last few decades the college tuition rates have increased drastically, but is a rate increase necessarily a good or bad thing. I personally believe that the cost to attend college is too expensive especially for low and middle-income families. There are many reasons why tuitio n could be considered too expensive they include, rise of tuition, little financial aid, and lack of college savings toRead MorePaying For A Higher Education871 Words   |  4 PagesPaying For a Higher Education There are over two hundred and fifty five worldwide childbirths per minute, and almost fifty seven percent of those who are born will not be able to use their own money to pay for college (Central Intelligence Agency 2). College is a very important aspect of life today. Each year things change in this world. Post-Secondary education is becoming a major requirement with most jobs today. Whereas in the past, post-secondary education was not as prevalent. Many studentsRead MoreHigh Education Vs. Out Of State Tuition1564 Words   |  7 PagesBill Bennett said of higher education, â€Å" The higher amount you put into high education, at the federal level particularly, the more the price of high education rises. It’s the dog that never catches its tail.† Bennett asserts that while the prices of education are rising, yet they are not going to start coming down because of the amount the government is putting in. The average student leaves college with an average of $35,000 of debt. Because of this debt, students have to put off majorRead MoreGraduation Speech : Avoiding College Debt895 Words   |  4 PagesAvoiding College Debt From elementary school career days to college visits in high school, the importance of continuing our education is drilled into our heads from day one. What the adults who so graciously give up their time to speak at career day fail to mention is enormous cost of college. So, what is a parent to do, dash their child’s dream of becoming a doctor, or find a way to make it happen? We all know a college education comes with a high price tag, but with all the advantages like highRead MoreBenefits Of The Prepaid Plan1038 Words   |  5 Pages We know college can be very expensive. There are many expenses for higher education including; tuition, room and board, books, and extra cost. That being said, there are many programs and plans that can assist with the cost. I will discuss 529 plans, Coverdell education savings account, American Opportunity Tax Credit, Lifetime Learning Credits, and tuition fees. There is a 529 Plan that can help the parent start preparing for their child’s college. The plan will help families save many for futureRead MoreSample Financial Plan Description1594 Words   |  7 Pagesplan to help you retire at the age of 62 and afford to send your son, Sam, to college. After looking at the information you gave us regarding your income and expenses, we came up with the best solution for your financial future. We’ve picked out profitable mutual funds for your son’s college, as well as retirement investments. We also have found different methods of saving money for your retirement and future education for your son. We believe that there will be a great benefit to having a financiallyRead MorePursuing A College Education Right Out Of High School962 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Pursuing a college education right out of high school is an important decision—one of the most important things to consider facing young adults. Traditionally speaking, the responsible consideration would be to continue educational momentum into a college or university setting. While parents of college-age students can provide guidance and direction on the perceived correct path, the commitment and determination falls on the shoulders of the student—requiring much contemplation in makingRead More math lesson Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesresult of limited resources. Student Objectives Students will: †¢ Identify quot;opportunity costsquot; in the story and in their own lives. †¢ Create an opportunity costs bar graph as a whole class. †¢ Complete a table of personal spending and savings information. †¢ Write an original story about how they spent and saved their allowance and what they gave up or their quot;opportunity costsquot; in order to reach their goals. Materials: †¢ a copy of Alexander, Who Used to Be Rich Last SundayRead MorePersuasive Speech : Greedy Money Hoarders1484 Words   |  6 PagesGreedy Money Hoarders   Ã‚  Ã‚   Imagine being a student in college, when you receive a letter telling you how much you owe in tuition fees. You already have a full time job, and still manage to get to your daily classes, but with the minimum wage pay you receive you can’t afford the basic necessities and the tuition prices that seem to increase every year. Your parents refuse to help you, so you’re on your own. Parents have decided it’s a cultural norm to have their children leave the house and become

Recent Trends in Malware Viruses and Trojan Horses

Question: Discuss about theRecent Trends in Malware for Viruses and Trojan Horses. Answer: Introduction Malware or in other words malicious software can include a large number of hostile or criminal software that can cause various forms of security threats like worms, viruses, Trojan horses, and rootkits. The harm is caused by infiltrating a computer without the awareness of the host. AS technologies a have developed over past few years, malwares have also grown with new threats that are difficult to overcome(M., 2008). Attacks through malware are increasing through social networks, search engines and mobile devices exposing web users to infections. In 2010, over 1 million websites were infected by malware and around 1.5 million advertisements were distributed as observed by Dasient. A protection measure requires the use of an antivirus that not just protects a machine from normal viruses but also from malware threats and spywares. In several cases, an anti-malware produced used along with anti-virus would give better protection to a system using internet(Mills, 2011). Considering the large number of compromises caused by malware attacks, malware can be considered as an important area to explore and understand such that awareness about dangers can be created and appropriate protection measures can be identified and used for combating malware related threats. Thus, this report would explore recent trends in malware threats and explore solutions(Mariotti, 2014). Research Report Challenges As per 2013 Batchelder report, malware made on top of the list of threats faced by websites. Malware attack websites by injecting malicious JavaScripts by exploiting their vulnerabilities. These malware attacks affect organizations in major ways out of which data breach is one of the most prominent and harmful threat. They are updated, encrypted with anti-debugging capabilities added and commercialisation of exploit kits with automation has added complexities to incident detection and tracking of malware activities(Mansour Parrizas, 2014). Malware have become persistent threats to the web ecosystem and layered defences are unable to provide a complete protection due to Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) caused by malware. These malware are mostly targeted to evading the privacy or performing some criminal activities like theft, sabotage or espionage(Dionysopoulou, 2014). With a large number of malware existing today, it becomes a challenge to properly classify them. As on March 6, 2007, there were 30,000 distinct variants of malware that were identified. Initially, this classification was done manually but in recent years, the processes are automated for grouping new viruses. However, this automatic classification poses many challenges mainly due to lack of well-defined notions of multiple malware instances(Li, Liu, Gao, Reiter, 2010). Another major challenge occurs because of lack of awareness about malware attack behaviour in users who open doors for such attacks too often putting their systems to risks. Moreover, internet security technologies that are used by enterprises for protection may not be reared to fight the modern malware techniques leaving their machines vulnerable to attacks(Oltsik, 2013). Technologies Technologies are used for detecting malware such that they could be prevented from getting downloaded to cause harm to systems. Various malware detection techniques that are used today include signature based, anomaly based and specification based methods(Agrawal, Singh, Gour, Kumar, 2014). PAYL is a program that is used for dynamic anomaly based detection. It calculates the expected payload for every system port and creates byte frequency distribution for developing a centroid model. Incoming payloads are compared with this model to identify variations. If the incoming payload is much more than expected payload as per the model, then that is recognized as malicious. Intrusion detection can use data mining techniques for creating malware detection agents that can audit data of incoming connections to identify intrusions. Privacy-invasive software (PIS) like Adware and Spyware can be identified using Forensic Tool Kit (FTK) software. Other malware protection technologies use techniques like Finite State Automata (FSA) approach to detection, process profiling of system calls, Audit trail pattern analysis, Network Analysis of Anomalous Traffic Events (NATE), Fileprint (n-gram) analysis, cross-view diff-based detection and so on(Idika Mathur, 2007). Research Areas Various areas of recent in the malware trends include: Types of malware software like viruses, worms and so on such as ransomware, espionage, crime ware and so on. The techniques used by malware software for evasion such as stalling codes, environmental triggers and so on(Lindorfer, Kolbitsch, Comparetti, 2011) Malware detection techniques used for protection from malware threats Probabilities and impacts of malware attacks on systems including various types of malicious activities that can be performed Malicious behaviour categories including evasion, execution, network, packing, auto start, file and memory attacks. Technologies or techniques that can be used for detecting malware Various types of threats that can be caused to various types of users in the case of malware attack incidences(ESET, 2016) Discussion Summary The report explores two studies conducted by M. Papadaki on Attack Pattern Analysis: Trends in Malware Variant Development and by Shahid Alam on Current Trends and the Future of Metamorphic Malware Detection. Attack Pattern Analysis: Trends in Malware Variant Development This research delved into the practices of development of malware variants such that the insights could be used for developing additional protection layers to deal with these variants. The study was conducted by exploring three popular malware threats including Beagle, Netsky and Mytob. Some malware trends seen between the years 2003 and 2005 were identified including mass mailing worms, threats to confidential data, bots and their variants, and blended threats. The analysis of specific threats revealed that mass mailing worms like Netsky are propagated through emails and folders that are shared over web. In such cases, worms use some advanced social engineering techniques such that lure users into opening files and a malicious code gets executed the moment user previews or views the file. Just like Netsky, Beagle also used same channels for propagation and also peer-to-peer networks at times. The difference was found in the way worms are utilized on attacked website. While Netsky sent the whole malicious code for attack, Beagle sent only part of code that was used for downloading entire malicious code from a website. This makes it easier for security communities to block downloads but at the same time makes users vulnerable in future with spamming. Mytob was the newer worm that incorporated mall mailing as well as botnet functionalities. It uses a basic mass mailing functionality but an advanced level of backdoor entry by connecting to IRC servers to receive commands giving servers access to local systems through web or ftp. The research suggested that, it is not the complexity which poses biggest challenge, but the combination of various techniques that they use for tricking users that can pose danger. Thus, malware detection software need to understand evolution of variants of malware and their incremental development behaviour to develop counter-techniques(M.Papadaki, S.M.Furnell, N.L.Clarke, Bakar, G.Pinkney, 2005). Current Trends and the Future of Metamorphic Malware Detection This research explored trends in malware threats and characteristics of malware detection systems. The paper identified techniques that malware developers use to protect malware software from getting detected by antivirus applications such as packing or compression, polymorphism that involves mutation of static binary code, and metamorphism that involves mutation of dynamic binary code. Various types of metamorphic malware were identified including closed-world malware that can generate newly mutated codes and open-world malwares that can communicate with other websites through internet to update themselves. The report suggested that malware detection can be used as a measure for protection and major types of detection techniques include Opcode-based analysis (OBA) that disassembles binaries to extract opcodes, Control Flow Analysis (CFA) that assesses calling relationships between program functions, and Information Flow Analysis (IFA) that checks changes in propagated values over time. The report also observed future trends that can occur in the malware threat propagation. The research revealed that web and mobile malware are likely to get more sophisticated in future which is why a hybrid protection involving both static and dynamic analysis may be required for protection. With increasing use of Internet-of-Things devices, embedded system threats are also likely to increase and this demands use of newer malware detection and protection techniques to protect systems from sophisticated malwares like Stuxnet. Further, the paper suggested that a distributed malware detection system may be used over cloud to secure communications between various devices and cloud(Alam, Traore, Sogukpinar, 2014). Uncovered Issues The researches recognized the challenge and requirement for understanding malware variations and their developmental techniques but it did not cover the methods that are used by malware creators for disguising users or tricking them into opening or downloading malware such as code signing and modified browser settings(Sagar, 2009). The researchers also did not explore the evasion techniques used by malware currently such as environmental awareness, obfuscation of internal data, timing-based evasion and confusing automated tools. There are over 500 evasive behaviours that can be used in combination for causing malware attacks. How security techniques can be used for detecting these evasive behaviours of malware was not covered in the researches explored. The researchers did not explore latest techniques used by various types of malware like botnets, espionage, ransomware and so on. This could have included an exploration of specific types of malware, their varieties, attack techniques and evolution(OECD, 2008). The researchers did not include insights into how systems can get affected which could be useful in identifying causes that would be used for building awareness in users such that threat exposure could be minimized. Some of the techniques that could have been explored here include drive by downloads that involves downloading of an executable file, piggyback attacks which involves embedding of malware code in an otherwise safe executable file(Peterson, 2006). Lessons Learnt Some lessons about malware and their attack, evasion, detection and impact trends include: The danger is more in the combination of evasion techniques used by malware than in the complexities of attacks because evasion techniques target users who are not educated to handle security threats Malware producers keep coming with variations that older technological solutions would not be able to adapt to and thus, newer technologies and updates may be required to prevent such malware from affecting systems. Use of anti-virus software may not be sufficient for complete protection and a complementing malware detection software may be needed Organizations are not prepared with technological solutions that are capable of managing and preventing threats caused by latest malware There are over 500 evasive behaviour used by malware and the list keeps on increasing making it difficult for security solution providers to keep them updated Because of a huge number of variants of malware, a correct classification of malware becomes difficult as this is mostly done use automated tools that have limited information about the characteristics of malware. Conclusions The report explored recent trends in malware including different types of threats from malware, techniques used for development of malware, strategies used for attacking users and measures used for protection from malware. 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